Host-resident translation layer validity check techniques

ABSTRACT

Devices and techniques are disclosed herein for verifying host generated physical addresses at a memory device during a host-resident FTL mode of operation to ameliorate erroneous or potentially malicious access to the memory device.

BACKGROUND

Memory devices are typically provided as internal, semiconductor, integrated circuits in computers or other electronic devices. There are many different types of memory including volatile and non-volatile memory. Volatile memory can require power to maintain data and includes random-access memory (RAM), dynamic random-access memory (DRAM), and synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM), among others. Non-volatile memory can provide persistent data by retaining stored data when not powered and can include NAND flash memory, NOR flash memory, read only memory (ROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM), Erasable Programmable ROM (EPROM), and resistance variable memory such as phase change random access memory (PCRAM), resistive random-access memory (RRAM), and magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), 3D XPoint™ memory, among others.

Memory cells are typically arranged in a matrix or an array. Multiple matrices or arrays can be combined into a memory device, and multiple devices can be combined to form a storage volume of a memory system, such as a solid-state drive (SSD), a Universal Flash Storage (UFS™) device, a MultiMediaCard (MMC) solid-state storage device, an embedded MMC device (eMMC™), etc.

A memory system can include one or more processors or other memory controllers performing logic functions to operate the memory devices or interface with external systems. The memory matrices or arrays can include a number of blocks of memory cells organized into a number of physical pages. The memory system can receive commands from a host in association with memory operations, such as read or write operations to transfer data (e.g., user data and associated integrity data, such as error data and address data, etc.) between the memory devices and the host, erase operations to erase data from the memory devices, or perform one or more other memory operations.

Memory is utilized as volatile and non-volatile data storage for a wide range of electronic applications, including, for example, personal computers, portable memory sticks, digital cameras, cellular telephones, portable music players such as MP3 players, movie players, and other electronic devices. Memory cells can be arranged into arrays, with the arrays being used in memory devices.

Many electronic devices include several main components: a host processor (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU) or other main processor); main memory (e.g., one or more volatile or non-volatile memory device, such as dynamic RAM (DRAM), mobile or low-power double-data-rate synchronous DRAM (DDR SDRAM), etc.); and a storage device (e.g., non-volatile memory (NVM) device, such as flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), an SSD, an MMC, or other memory card structure or assembly, or combination of volatile and non-volatile memory, etc.). In certain examples, electronic devices can include a user interface (e.g., a display, touch-screen, keyboard, one or more buttons, etc.), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a power management circuit, a baseband processor or one or more transceiver circuits, etc.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In the drawings, which are not necessarily drawn to scale, like numerals may describe similar components in different views. Like numerals having different letter suffixes may represent different instances of similar components. The drawings illustrate generally, by way of example, but not by way of limitation, various embodiments discussed in the present document.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example system an environment including a memory device upon which one or more examples of the present subject matter may be implemented.

FIG. 2 illustrates generally a flowchart of an example method for implementing memory operations at a flash memory system using aspects of host-resident FTL.

FIG. 3 illustrates generally a flowchart of an example method for efficiently monitoring and updating host mapping table data for host-resident FTL operation.

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of an example machine upon which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) discussed herein may perform.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Flash memory based storage devices such as NAND memory can use a Flash Translation Layer (FTL) to translate logical addresses of I/O requests, often referred to as logical block addresses (LBAs), to corresponding flash memory addresses, sometimes referred to as physical addresses or a physical block address (PBA) which are stored in one or more FTL mapping tables. LBAs can be the logical addresses used by a host for managing data, and PBAs can be physical addresses used by flash memory to manage data storage and retrieval. Mobile storage devices typically have a cache with constrained size, and thus often lack memory to store an entire mapping table. Therefore, portions of the mapping table(s) can be retrieved from the flash memory on demand, which can cause random read performance degradation.

In order to improve random read performance, techniques described herein enable use of host-resident memory, in addition to memory cells of a memory device coupled to the host, as a cache for a FTL mapping table. Under a host-resident FTL, FTL data can be read from host memory faster than from flash memory, and the host can initiate a memory operation by retrieving a physical block address (PA) of the flash memory and including the PBA in a memory request to the flash memory. The PBA can be retrieved by the host using the FTL memory cache of the host and the LBA of the host. Upon receiving the memory request, the flash memory system can immediately retrieve the data associated with the PBA without the delay associated with accessing the flash memory-based mapping table and using the LBA to obtain the PBA.

In certain implementations of a host-resident FTL, improvements in random read workload performance can be significant. However, the present inventor has identified techniques for host-resident FTL that can assist in validating the integrity of host memory requests. Straightforward implementations of host-resident FTL can assume that the mapping table remains accurate between host initiated operations. However, the memory system or memory device connected to the host often performs housekeeping operations such a garbage collection and wear leveling in between host initiated operations or during times when the host is idle. Housekeeping operations move data around and often revise and update, the mapping table resident at the memory device. Without some validity checks, straight forward implementation of host-resident FTL, such as a memory system blindly using the host-provided PBA to access flash data, can often result in the memory system accessing flash memory at an incorrect or unintended PBA.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example of an environment 100 including a host 105 and a memory device 110 configured to communicate over a communication interface. The host 105 or the memory device 110 may be included in a variety of products 150, such as IoT devices (e.g., a refrigerator or other appliance, sensor, motor or actuator, mobile communication device, automobile, mobile phone, drone, etc.) to support processing, communications, or control of the product 150.

The memory device 110 includes a memory controller 115 or controller circuitry, and a memory array 120 including, for example, one or more individual memory die (e.g., a stack of three-dimensional (3D) NAND die). In 3D architecture semiconductor memory technology, vertical structures are stacked in multiple tiers, and coupled to form physical pages, to increase the storage density of a memory device (e.g., a storage device) in a given footprint (i.e. form factor). In an example, the memory device 110 can be a discrete memory device.

One or more communication interfaces 111 can be used to transfer data between the memory device 110 and one or more other components of the host 105, such as a Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) interface, a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe) interface, a Universal Serial Bus (USB) interface, a UFS interface, an eMMC™ interface, or one or more other connectors or interfaces. The host 105 can include a host system, an electronic device, a processor, a memory card reader, or one or more other electronic devices external to the memory device 110. In some examples, the host 105 may be a machine having some portion, or all, of the components discussed in reference to the machine 400 of FIG. 4. Data may be transferred between the memory device 110 and other components over an input/output (I/O) bus that may include one or more latches for temporarily storing the data as it is being transferred (e.g., before being read or written from/to a memory array).

The memory controller 115 can receive instructions from the host 105, and can communicate with the memory array, such as to transfer data to (e.g., write or erase) or from (e.g., read) one or more of the memory cells, planes, sub-blocks, blocks, or pages of the memory array. The memory controller 115 can include, among other things, circuitry or firmware, including one or more components or integrated circuits. For example, the memory controller 115 can include one or more memory control units, circuits, control circuitries, or components configured to control access across the memory array 120 and to provide a translation layer between the host 105 and the memory device 110. The memory controller 115 can include one or more I/O circuits (and corresponding latches), caches, lines, or interfaces to transfer data to or from the memory array 120. The memory controller 115 can include a memory manager 125 and an array controller 135.

The array controller 135 can include, among other things, circuitry or components configured to control memory operations associated with writing data to, reading data from, or erasing one or more memory cells of the memory device 110 coupled to the memory controller 115. The memory operations can be based on, for example, host commands received from the host 105, or internally generated by the memory manager 125 (e.g., in association with wear leveling, error detection or correction, etc.).

The array controller 135 can include an error correction code (ECC) component 140, which can include, among other things, an ECC engine or other circuitry configured to detect or correct errors associated with writing data to or reading data from one or more memory cells of the memory device 110 coupled to the memory controller 115. ECC component 140, for example, may detect or compute a bit-error-rate (BER) associated with performing a number of memory operations. The BER may correspond to bit errors occurring in latches of an I/O bus, internal errors of memory controller 115, errors occurring in one or more of the NAND arrays, or any one or more of the multi-level cell(s) (MLC) of the memory device 110. The memory controller 115 can be configured to actively detect and recover from error occurrences (e.g., bit errors, operation errors, crash conditions, stalls, hang ups, etc.) associated with various operations or storage of data, while maintaining integrity of the data transferred between the host 105 and the memory device 110, or maintaining integrity of stored data (e.g., using redundant RAID storage, etc.), and can remove (e.g., retire) failing memory resources (e.g., memory cells, memory arrays, pages, blocks, etc.) to prevent future errors. Array controller 135 may transmit detected BER information to memory manager 125 for storage and tracking. The memory controller 115 may include a command queue (not shown) that tracks memory commands received from a host. Commands in the queue may be executed by memory controller 115 in a first-in first-out (FIFO) manner, stack manner, out of sequence, according to priority, or in any other suitable order.

The described memory device 110 includes signature circuitry 160 in association with the memory array 120. In some implementations, memory controller 115 of memory device 110 may include control circuitry configured to implement the functions of the signature circuitry 160. In other implementations, the signature circuitry 160 may include independent control circuitry for implementing the described functionality. In yet other implementations, control circuitry may be divided between the signature circuitry 160 and memory controller 115 to implement the described functions of the signature circuitry 160. In the depicted example, the array controller 135 forms a portion of the memory controller 115, and the signature circuitry 160 forms a portion of the array controller. In other implementations, signature circuitry 160 may be external, and/or outside of array controller 135. For example, the signature circuitry 160 (or any individual components thereof), may be an independent component coupled to one or more components in environment 100. However physically located, the structures providing the additional functionality of the signature circuitry 160, function to verify PBAs provided by the host 105 to prevent erroneous or malicious access to the memory device.

The memory manager 125 can include, among other things, circuitry or firmware, such as a number of components or integrated circuits associated with various memory management functions. For purposes of the present description, example memory operation and management functions will be described in the context of NAND memory. Persons skilled in the art will recognize that other forms of non-volatile memory may have analogous memory operations or management functions. Such NAND management functions include wear leveling (e.g., garbage collection or reclamation), error detection (e.g., BER monitoring) or correction, block retirement, or one or more other memory management functions. The memory manager 125 can parse or format host commands (e.g., commands received from a host) into device commands (e.g., commands associated with operation of a memory array, etc.), or generate device commands (e.g., to accomplish various memory management functions) for the array controller 135 or one or more other components of the memory device 110.

The memory manager 125 can include a set of management tables 130 configured to maintain various information associated with one or more components of the memory device 110 (e.g., various information associated with a memory array or one or more memory cells coupled to the memory controller 115 and can include an FTL table). For example, the management tables 130 can include information regarding FTL mapping information, block age, block erase count, error history, error parameter information, host reset timeout value, memory operation command latencies, or one or more error counts (e.g., a write operation error count, a read bit error count, a read operation error count, an erase error count, etc.) for one or more blocks of memory cells coupled to the memory controller 115. In certain examples, if the number of detected errors for one or more of the error counts (e.g., an error parameter) is above a threshold (e.g., an allowable error threshold), the bit error can be referred to as an uncorrectable bit error. The management tables 130 can maintain a count of correctable or uncorrectable bit errors, among other things.

The memory array 120 can include multiple memory cells arranged in, for example, a number of devices, planes, sub-blocks, blocks, or pages. As one example, a 48 GB TLC NAND memory device can include 18,592 bytes of data per page (16,384+2208 bytes), 1536 pages per block, 548 blocks per plane, and 4 or more planes per device. As another example, a 32 GB MLC memory device (storing two bits of data per cell (i.e., 4 programmable states)) can include 18,592 bytes (B) of data per page (16,384+2208 bytes), 1024 pages per block, 548 blocks per plane, and 4 planes per device, but with half the required write time and twice the program/erase (P/E) cycles as a corresponding TLC memory device. Other examples can include other numbers or arrangements. In some examples, a memory device, or a portion thereof, may be selectively operated in SLC mode, or in a desired MLC mode (such as TLC, QLC, etc.).

In operation, data is typically written to or read from the memory device 110 in pages and erased in blocks. However, one or more memory operations (e.g., read, write, erase, etc.) can be performed on larger or smaller groups of memory cells, as desired. The data transfer size of a memory device 110 is typically referred to as a page, whereas the data transfer size of a host is typically referred to as a sector.

Different types of memory cells or memory arrays 120 can provide for different page sizes or may require different amounts of metadata associated therewith. For example, different memory device types may have different bit error rates, which can lead to different amounts of metadata necessary to ensure integrity of the page of data (e.g., a memory device with a higher bit error rate may require more bytes of error correction code data than a memory device with a lower bit error rate). As an example, a MLC NAND flash device may have a higher bit error rate than a corresponding single-level cell (SLC) NAND flash device. As such, the MLC device may require more metadata bytes for error data than the corresponding SLC device.

FIG. 2 illustrates generally a flowchart of an example method 200 for implementing memory operations at a flash memory system using aspects of host-resident FTL. In certain examples, the method can assist in validating that the PBA received from the host corresponds to the LBA provided by the host. Without some form of verification, a malicious host can provide an LBA and an unrelated PBA that may result in accessing flash memory data not intended to be accessible by the host, or not intended to be accessed by the host using the particular host memory request received at the memory system. At 201, the memory system can receive a host memory request including a PBA and a signature during a host-resident FTL mode of operation. At 203, the memory controller can generate a second signature. At 205, the memory controller can compare the first signature to the second signature to provide a match result. At 207, if the match result indicates that the first signature matches the second signature, the memory controller can execute the memory request using the PBA received from the host. At 209, when the match result indicates that the first signature does not match the second signature, the memory does not execute the memory request using the first signature.

In certain examples, the memory request received from the host can include an LBA. The LBA is assumed to be mapped with the PBA. In some examples, the memory controller can include a second map table that includes or indicates LBAs that the memory controller can associate with the received memory request and can determine if the received LBA is a valid LBA for the received memory request. If the LBA is not indicated to be valid, or not-allocated, for the memory request, the memory controller does not proceed to further process the memory request. In certain examples, the memory controller can include a table or record indicative of PBAs that the memory request can access and can determine if the received PBA is a valid PBA for the received memory request. If the PBA is not indicated to be valid for access by the memory request, the memory controller does not proceed to further process the memory request.

In certain examples, the signature provided by the host in the memory request can be generated by the memory device using the same method used to generate the second signature. When mapping table information is provided from the memory device to the host for use during a host-resident FTL mode of operation, the memory device can generate and provide a signature for each PBA. As memory requests are received during the host-resident FTL mode of operation, generation and matching of a second signature based on the PBA received from the host can assure the PBA has not been inadvertently or intentionally altered.

FIG. 3 illustrates generally an example flowchart of a method for generating each signature. At 301, a hash circuit can receive the PBA of a record of the mapping table and a token. The record can include an associated LBA such that the record comprises a map of the host LBA to the memory device PBA. The token can be a value or sequence of values. The token can be a secret token assigned to, or generated by, the memory device. At 303, the hash circuit can generate a hash using one of a number of hash algorithms or routines. Such algorithms can include but are not limited to unkeyed cryptographic hash functions such as Blake, ECOH, FSB, GOST, HAS-160, HAVAL, JH, one of the Message-Digest (MDn) series of functions, one of the secure hash algorithm (SAH-n) series of functions, etc. In some examples, the hash circuit can receive a pad, pad value, or pad sequence. In some examples, the pad can provide an indication for how a cryptographic hash function terminates. At 305, the signature can be a subset of the hash and can be extracted from the hash. In certain examples, the LBA can be used as a pointer to extract the signature from the hash. For example, if the hash circuit generates a 256 bit hash, and the signature is 32 bits, the LBA can be used to determine which bit location of the hash the 32 bit signature can begin to be extracted. In certain examples, the hash circuitry can include a pointer function using the LBA as a parameter that can specify the bit location to use for extracting the signature from the hash. In some examples, the LBA can be used to identify a starting point to extract a sequential number of bits or bytes that can form the signature. In some situations, the manufacturer of memory device, or the memory device user, will attempt to keep the pointer function secret to ameliorate attempts to hack the memory device or the system including the memory device.

FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of an example machine 400 upon which any one or more of the techniques (e.g., methodologies) discussed herein may perform. In alternative embodiments, the machine 400 may operate as a standalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to other machines. In a networked deployment, the machine 400 may operate in the capacity of a server machine, a client machine, or both in server-client network environments. In an example, the machine 400 may act as a peer machine in peer-to-peer (P2P) (or other distributed) network environment. The machine 400 may be a personal computer (PC), a tablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a personal digital assistant (PDA), a mobile telephone, a web appliance, an IoT device, automotive system, or any machine capable of executing instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions to be taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine is illustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include any collection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (or multiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, such as cloud computing, software as a service (SaaS), other computer cluster configurations.

Examples, as described herein, may include, or may operate by, logic, components, devices, packages, or mechanisms. Circuitry is a collection (e.g., set) of circuits implemented in tangible entities that include hardware (e.g., simple circuits, gates, logic, etc.). Circuitry membership may be flexible over time and underlying hardware variability. Circuitries include members that may, alone or in combination, perform specific tasks when operating. In an example, hardware of the circuitry may be immutably designed to carry out a specific operation (e.g., hardwired). In an example, the hardware of the circuitry may include variably connected physical components (e.g., execution units, transistors, simple circuits, etc.) including a computer-readable medium physically modified (e.g., magnetically, electrically, moveable placement of invariant massed particles, etc.) to encode instructions of the specific operation. In connecting the physical components, the underlying electrical properties of a hardware constituent are changed, for example, from an insulator to a conductor or vice versa. The instructions enable participating hardware (e.g., the execution units or a loading mechanism) to create members of the circuitry in hardware via the variable connections to carry out portions of the specific tasks when in operation. Accordingly, the computer-readable medium is communicatively coupled to the other components of the circuitry when the device is operating. In an example, any of the physical components may be used in more than one member of more than one circuitry. For example, under operation, execution units may be used in a first circuit of a first circuitry at one point in time and reused by a second circuit in the first circuitry, or by a third circuit in a second circuitry at a different time.

The machine (e.g., computer system) 400 (e.g., the host 105, the memory device 110, etc.) may include a processing device 402 (e.g., a hardware processor, a central processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU), a hardware processor core, or any combination thereof, such as a memory controller of the memory device 110, etc.), a main memory 404 (e.g., read-only memory (ROM), flash memory, dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) such as synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) or Rambus DRAM (RDRAM), etc.), a static memory 406 (e.g., flash memory, static random-access memory (SRAM), etc.), and a data storage system 418, some or all of which may communicate with each other via an interlink (e.g., bus) 430.

The processing device 402 can represent one or more general-purpose processing devices such as a microprocessor, a central processing unit, or the like. More particularly, the processing device can be a complex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, reduced instruction set computing (RISC) microprocessor, very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, or a processor implementing other instruction sets, or processors implementing a combination of instruction sets. The processing device 402 can also be one or more special-purpose processing devices such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), a digital signal processor (DSP), network processor, or the like. The processing device 402 can be configured to execute instructions 426 for performing the operations and steps discussed herein. The computer system 400 can further include a network interface device 408 to communicate over a network 420.

The data storage system 418 can include a machine-readable storage medium 424 (also known as a computer-readable medium) on which is stored one or more sets of instructions 426 or software embodying any one or more of the methodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 426 can also reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 404 or within the processing device 402 during execution thereof by the computer system 400, the main memory 404 and the processing device 402 also constituting machine-readable storage media. The machine-readable storage medium 424, the data storage system 418, or the main memory 404 can correspond to the memory device 110 of FIG. 1.

In one implementation, the instructions 426 include instructions to implement functionality corresponding to one or more host-resident FTL operations discussed above with respect to FIG. 2 or FIG. 3. While the machine-readable storage medium 424 is shown in an example implementation to be a single medium, the term “machine-readable storage medium” should be taken to include a single medium or multiple media that store the one or more sets of instructions. The term “machine-readable storage medium” shall also be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing or encoding a set of instructions for execution by the machine and that cause the machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies of the present disclosure. The term “machine-readable storage medium” shall accordingly be taken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, optical media, and magnetic media. In an example, a massed machine-readable medium comprises a machine-readable medium with a plurality of particles having invariant (e.g., rest) mass. Accordingly, massed machine-readable media are not transitory propagating signals. Specific examples of massed machine-readable media may include: non-volatile memory, such as semiconductor memory devices (e.g., Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)) and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, such as internal hard disks and removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.

The machine 400 may further include a display unit, an alphanumeric input device (e.g., a keyboard), and a user interface (UI) navigation device (e.g., a mouse). In an example, one or more of the display unit, the input device, or the UI navigation device may be a touch screen display. The machine a signal generation device (e.g., a speaker), or one or more sensors, such as a global positioning system (GPS) sensor, compass, accelerometer, or one or more other sensor. The machine 400 may include an output controller, such as a serial (e.g., universal serial bus (USB), parallel, or other wired or wireless (e.g., infrared (IR), near field communication (NFC), etc.) connection to communicate or control one or more peripheral devices (e.g., a printer, card reader, etc.).

The instructions 426 (e.g., software, programs, an operating system (OS), etc.) or other data are stored on the data storage device 418 can be accessed by the main memory 404 for use by the processing device 402. The main memory 404 (e.g., DRAM) is typically fast, but volatile, and thus a different type of storage than the data storage device 418 (e.g., an SSD), which is suitable for long-term storage, including while in an “off” condition. The instructions 426 or data in use by a user or the machine 400 are typically loaded in the main memory 404 for use by the processing device 402. When the main memory 404 is full, virtual space from the data storage device 418 can be allocated to supplement the main memory 404; however, because the data storage device 418 device is typically slower than the main memory 404, and write speeds are typically at least twice as slow as read speeds, use of virtual memory can greatly reduce user experience due to storage device latency (in contrast to the main memory 404, e.g., DRAM). Further, use of the data storage device 418 for virtual memory can greatly reduce the usable lifespan of the data storage device 418.

In contrast to virtual memory, virtual memory compression (e.g., the Linux™ kernel feature “ZRAM”) uses part of the memory as compressed block storage to avoid paging to the data storage device 418. Paging takes place in the compressed block until it is necessary to write such data to the data storage device 418. Virtual memory compression increases the usable size of the main memory 404, while reducing wear on the data storage device 418.

Storage devices optimized for mobile electronic devices, or mobile storage, traditionally include MMC solid-state storage devices (e.g., micro Secure Digital (microSD™) cards, etc.). MMC devices include a number of parallel interfaces (e.g., an 8-bit parallel interface) with a host (e.g., a host device), and are often removable and separate components from the host. In contrast, eMMC™ devices are attached to a circuit board and considered a component of the host, with read speeds that rival serial ATA™ (Serial AT (Advanced Technology) Attachment, or SATA) based SSD devices. However, demand for mobile device performance continues to increase, such as to fully enable virtual or augmented-reality devices, utilize increasing networks speeds, etc. In response to this demand, storage devices have shifted from parallel to serial communication interfaces. Universal Flash Storage (UFS) devices, including controllers and firmware, communicate with a host using a low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) serial interface with dedicated read/write paths, further advancing greater read/write speeds.

The instructions 424 may further be transmitted or received over a network 420 using a transmission medium via the network interface device 408 utilizing any one of a number of transfer protocols (e.g., frame relay, internet protocol (IP), transmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP), hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), etc.). Example communication networks may include a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a packet data network (e.g., the Internet), mobile telephone networks (e.g., cellular networks), Plain Old Telephone (POTS) networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 family of standards known as Wi-Fi®, IEEE 802.16 family of standards known as WiMax®), IEEE 802.15.4 family of standards, peer-to-peer (P2P) networks, among others. In an example, the network interface device 408 may include one or more physical jacks (e.g., Ethernet, coaxial, or phone jacks) or one or more antennas to connect to the network 420. In an example, the network interface device 408 may include a plurality of antennas to wirelessly communicate using at least one of single-input multiple-output (SIMO), multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), or multiple-input single-output (MISO) techniques. The term “transmission medium” shall be taken to include any intangible medium that is capable of storing, encoding, or carrying instructions for execution by the machine 400, and includes digital or analog communications signals or other intangible medium to facilitate communication of such software.

Additional Notes and Examples

Example 1 is a method comprising: receiving an operation command from a host device at a memory device, wherein the command includes a logical block address (LBA), a physical block address (PBA) and a first signature; generating a second signature at the memory device; comparing the first signature with the second signature to provide a match result; when the match result indicates the first signature is the same as the second signature, executing the operation; and when the match result indicates the first signature does not match the second signature, not executing the operation using the PBA.

In Example 2, the subject matter of Example 1, including determining the logical block address is allocated for an operation associated with the operation command.

In Example 3, the subject matter of any of Examples 1-2, including determining the LBA is not-allocated for an operation associated with the operation command, and not executing the operation.

In Example 4, the subject matter of any of Examples 1-3, wherein the memory device is a flash memory device.

In Example 5, the subject matter of any of Examples 1-4, wherein the memory device is a NAND memory device.

In Example 6, the subject matter of any of Examples 1-5, including generating the first signature at the memory device.

In Example 7, the subject matter of Example 6, including sending logical block address mapping information from the memory device to the host device, wherein the logical block address mapping information includes the first signature.

In Example 8, the subject matter of any of Examples 6-7, wherein generating the first signature includes: receiving the PBA and a token associated with the memory device at a hash circuit; and generating a first hash using the PBA, the token, and the hash circuit.

In Example 9, the subject matter of Example 8, wherein generating the first signature includes receiving a pad value at the hash circuit and generating the first hash using the pad value.

In Example 10, the subject matter of any of Examples 8-9, including extracting a first subset of the first hash to provide the first signature, wherein extracting the first subset includes extracting a first number of sequential bytes of the first hash starting at a location within the first hash, the location determined using a logical block address mapped with the PBA.

In Example 11, the subject matter of Example 10, wherein generating the second signature includes: receiving the PBA and a token associated with the memory device at the hash circuit; and generating a second hash.

In Example 12, the subject matter of Example 11, wherein generating the first signature includes receiving a pad value at the hash circuit and generating the second hash using the pad value.

In Example 13, the subject matter of any of Examples 11-12, including extracting a second subset of the second hash to provide the second signature, wherein extracting the second subset includes extracting the first number of sequential bytes of the second hash starting at the location within the second hash, the location determined using the logical block address received from the host device.

Example 14 is a memory device comprising: a cache configured to hold a portion of a mapping table of the memory device; flash memory configured to store and retrieve user data of a host device, and to store the mapping table of the memory device; and a controller circuitry configured to: receive a command from a host device at a memory device to execute a memory operation, wherein the command includes a logical block address (LBA), a physical block address (PBA) and a first signature; generate a second signature at hash circuitry of the controller; compare the first signature with the second signature to provide a match result; when the match result indicates the first signature is the same as the second signature, executing the memory operation using the PBA; and when the match result indicates the first signature does not match the second signature, not executing the memory operation using the PBA.

In Example 15, the subject matter of Example 14, wherein the controller is configured to generate the first signature.

In Example 16, the subject matter of Example 15, wherein the controller is configured to send logical block address mapping information from the memory device to the host device, wherein the logical block address mapping information includes the first signature.

In Example 17, the subject matter of any of Examples 15-16, wherein the controller is configured to map the LBA to a PBA of the flash memory, to execute a hash routine of the hash circuitry to generate a first hash based on the PBA and a token of the memory device.

In Example 18, the subject matter of Example 17, wherein the controller is configured to receive a pad sequence and to execute the hash routine of the hash circuitry to generate the first hash based on the PBA, the token, and the pad sequence.

In Example 19, the subject matter of any of Examples 17-18, wherein the controller is configured to extract a first subset of the first hash to provide the first signature.

In Example 20, the subject matter of Example 19, wherein the controller is configured to generate a pointer to a location within the hash from which to begin extracting the first subset, wherein the pointer is derived from the LBA.

In Example 21, the subject matter of any of Examples 17-20, wherein the controller is configured: to receive the PBA received from the host; to execute the hash routine of the hash circuitry to generate a second hash based on the PBA and the token of the memory device; and to extract a second subset of the second hash to provide the second signature.

Example 22 is at least one machine-readable medium including instructions that, when executed by processing circuitry, cause the processing circuitry to perform operations to implement of any of Examples 1-21.

Example 23 is an apparatus comprising means to implement of any of Examples 1-21.

Example 24 is a system to implement of any of Examples 1-21.

Example 25 is a method to implement of any of Examples 1-21.

The above detailed description includes references to the accompanying drawings, which form a part of the detailed description. The drawings show, by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention can be practiced. These embodiments are also referred to herein as “examples”. Such examples can include elements in addition to those shown or described. However, the present inventors also contemplate examples in which only those elements shown or described are provided. Moreover, the present inventors also contemplate examples using any combination or permutation of those elements shown or described (or one or more aspects thereof), either with respect to a particular example (or one or more aspects thereof), or with respect to other examples (or one or more aspects thereof) shown or described herein.

In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patent documents, to include one or more than one, independent of any other instances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” In this document, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that “A or B” may include “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unless otherwise indicated. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and “in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respective terms “comprising” and “wherein”. Also, in the following claims, the terms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended. A system, device, article, or process that includes elements in addition to those listed after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within the scope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms “first,” “second,” and “third,” etc. are used merely as labels, and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.

In various examples, the components, controllers, processors, units, engines, or tables described herein can include, among other things, physical circuitry or firmware stored on a physical device. As used herein, “processor” means any type of computational circuit such as, but not limited to, a microprocessor, a microcontroller, a graphics processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), or any other type of processor or processing circuit, including a group of processors or multi-core devices.

Operating a memory cell, as used herein, includes reading from, writing to, or erasing the memory cell. The operation of placing a memory cell in an intended state is referred to herein as “programming,” and can include both writing to or erasing from the memory cell (e.g., the memory cell may be programmed to an erased state).

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a memory controller (e.g., a processor, controller, firmware, etc.) located internal or external to a memory device, is capable of determining (e.g., selecting, setting, adjusting, computing, changing, clearing, communicating, adapting, deriving, defining, utilizing, modifying, applying, etc.) a quantity of wear cycles, or a wear state (e.g., recording wear cycles, counting operations of the memory device as they occur, tracking the operations of the memory device it initiates, evaluating the memory device characteristics corresponding to a wear state, etc.)

According to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, a memory access device may be configured to provide wear cycle information to the memory device with each memory operation. The memory device control circuitry (e.g., control logic) may be programmed to compensate for memory device performance changes corresponding to the wear cycle information. The memory device may receive the wear cycle information and determine one or more operating parameters (e.g., a value, characteristic) in response to the wear cycle information.

Method examples described herein can be machine, device, or computer-implemented at least in part. Some examples can include a computer-readable medium, a device-readable medium, or a machine-readable medium encoded with instructions operable to configure an electronic device to perform methods as described in the above examples. An implementation of such methods can include code, such as microcode, assembly language code, a higher-level language code, or the like. Such code can include computer readable instructions for performing various methods. The code may form portions of computer program products. Further, the code can be tangibly stored on one or more volatile or non-volatile tangible computer-readable media, such as during execution or at other times. Examples of these tangible computer-readable media can include, but are not limited to, hard disks, removable magnetic disks, removable optical disks (e.g., compact discs and digital video disks), magnetic cassettes, memory cards or sticks, random access memories (RAMs), read only memories (ROMs), solid state drives (SSDs), Universal Flash Storage (UFS) device, embedded MMC (eMMC) device, and the like.

The above description is intended to be illustrative, and not restrictive. For example, the above-described examples (or one or more aspects thereof) may be used in combination with each other. Other embodiments can be used, such as by one of ordinary skill in the art upon reviewing the above description. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. Also, in the above Detailed Description, various features may be grouped together to streamline the disclosure. This should not be interpreted as intending that an unclaimed disclosed feature is essential to any claim. Rather, inventive subject matter may lie in less than all features of a particular disclosed embodiment. Thus, the following claims are hereby incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing on its own as a separate embodiment, and it is contemplated that such embodiments can be combined with each other in various combinations or permutations. The scope of the invention should be determined with reference to the appended claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. 

1. A method comprising: receiving an operation command from a host device at a memory device, wherein the command includes a logical block address (LBA), a physical block address (PBA) and a first signature; generating a second signature at the memory device; comparing the first signature with the second signature to provide a match result; when the match result indicates the first signature is the same as the second signature, executing the operation; and when the match result indicates the first signature does not match the second signature, not executing the operation using the PBA.
 2. The method of claim 1, including determining the logical block address is allocated for an operation associated with the operation command.
 3. The method of claim 1, including determining the LBA is not-allocated for an operation associated with the operation command, and not executing the operation.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the memory device is a flash memory device.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the memory device is a NAND memory device.
 6. The method of claim 1, including generating the first signature at the memory device.
 7. The method of claim 6, including sending logical block address mapping information from the memory device to the host device, wherein the logical block address mapping information includes the first signature.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein generating the first signature includes: receiving the PBA and a token associated with the memory device at a hash circuit; and generating a first hash using the PBA, the token, and the hash circuit.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein generating the first signature includes receiving a pad value at the hash circuit and generating the first hash using the pad value.
 10. The method of claim 8, including extracting a first subset of the first hash to provide the first signature, wherein extracting the first subset includes extracting a first number of sequential bytes of the first hash starting at a location within the first hash, the location determined using a logical block address mapped with the PBA.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein generating the second signature includes: receiving the PBA and a token associated with the memory device at the hash circuit; and generating a second hash.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein generating the first signature includes receiving a pad value at the hash circuit and generating the second hash using the pad value.
 13. The method of claim 11, including extracting a second subset of the second hash to provide the second signature, wherein extracting the second subset includes extracting the first number of sequential bytes of the second hash starting at the location within the second hash, the location determined using the logical block address received from the host device.
 14. A memory device comprising: a cache configured to hold a portion of a mapping table of the memory device; flash memory configured to store and retrieve user data of a host device, and to store the mapping table of the memory device; and a controller circuitry configured to: receive a command from a host device at a memory device to execute a memory operation, wherein the command includes a logical block address (LBA), a physical block address (PBA) and a first signature; generate a second signature at hash circuitry of the controller; compare the first signature with the second signature to provide a match result; when the match result indicates the first signature is the same as the second signature, executing the memory operation using the PBA; and when the match result indicates the first signature does not match the second signature, not executing the memory operation using the PBA.
 15. The memory device of claim 14, wherein the controller is configured to generate the first signature.
 16. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the controller is configured to send logical block address mapping information from the memory device to the host device, wherein the logical block address mapping information includes the first signature.
 17. The memory device of claim 15, wherein the controller is configured to map the LBA to a PBA of the flash memory, to execute a hash routine of the hash circuitry to generate a first hash based on the PBA and a token of the memory device.
 18. The memory device of claim 17, wherein the controller is configured to receive a pad sequence and to execute the hash routine of the hash circuitry to generate the first hash based on the PBA, the token, and the pad sequence.
 19. The memory device of claim 17, wherein the controller is configured to extract a first subset of the first hash to provide the first signature.
 20. The memory device of claim 19, wherein the controller is configured to generate a pointer to a location within the hash from which to begin extracting the first subset, wherein the pointer is derived from the LBA.
 21. The memory device of claim 17, wherein the controller is configured: to receive the PBA received from the host; to execute the hash routine of the hash circuitry to generate a second hash based on the PBA and the token of the memory device; and to extract a second subset of the second hash to provide the second signature. 